ABSTRACT
Tripterygium glycosides liposome(TPGL) were prepared by thin film-dispersion method, which were optimized accor-ding to their morphological structures, average particle size and encapsulation rate. The measured particle size was(137.39±2.28) nm, and the encapsulation rate was 88.33%±1.82%. The mouse model of central nervous system inflammation was established by stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS). TPGL and tripterygium glycosides(TPG) were administered intranasally for 21 days. The effects of intranasal administration of TPG and TPGL on behavioral cognitive impairment of mice due to LPS-induced central ner-vous system inflammation were estimated by animal behavioral tests, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining of hippocampus, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence. Compared with TPG, TPGL caused less damage to the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb, liver and kidney of mice administered intranasally. The behavioral performance of treated mice was significantly improved in water maze, Y maze and nesting experiment. Neuronal cell damage was reduced, and the expression levels of inflammation and apoptosis related genes [tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), BCL2-associated X(Bax), etc.] and glial activation markers [ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(IBA1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)] were decreased. These results indicated that liposome technique combined with nasal delivery alleviated the toxic side effects of TPG, and also significantly ameliorated the cognitive impairment of mice induced by central nervous system inflammation.
Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Tripterygium , Liposomes , Glycosides/therapeutic use , Administration, Intranasal , Lipopolysaccharides , Central Nervous System , Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy , Inflammation/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Cardiac GlycosidesABSTRACT
The 95% ethanol extract of Baphicacanthis Cusiae Rhizoma et Radix was purified by multi-chromatographic methods including microporous resin, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and C_(18) reversed-phase column chromatography. Fourteen compounds were isolated and structurally identified, including five phenylethanoid glycosides, five phenylpropanoids, one lupinane triterpene, two alkaloids, and one flavonoid, listed as follows: 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-1-propanol B(1), threo-2,3-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene)-3-methoxypropanol(2), 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanol-1-O-[3,4-O-di-acetyl-(1→3)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(3), verbascoside(4), 2″,3″-di-O-acetyl martynoside(5),(+)-pinore-sinol(6), diospyrosin(7), daidzein(8), wiedemannioside B(9), buddlenol A(10), 2″-O-acetyl martyonside(11), lupeol(12), indirubin(13), and tryptanthrin(14). Compound 3 was a new phenylethanoid glycoside, and the other 10 compounds were isolated for the first time from Baphicacanthis Cusiae Rhizoma et Radix except compounds 12, 13, and 14.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Glycosides , Flavonoids , Glycosides , Molecular Structure , Phenylethyl Alcohol , RhizomeABSTRACT
The chemical constituents of the flower buds of Buddleja officinalis were investigated in this study. Eight compounds were isolated from the water extract of B. officinalis by column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. These compounds were identified as(Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylcopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside(1), ebracteatoside B(2), jasmonic acid-11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3), 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), luteolin-7-O-galacturonide(5), vicenin-2(6), decaffeoylverbascoside(7), and 6-O-(E)-feruloyl-D-glucopyranoside(8). Compound 1 is a new 3-hexenol glycoside. Compounds 2, 3, and 6 were isolated from Buddleja genus for the first time, and compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Subject(s)
Buddleja , Cardiac Glycosides , Glycosides , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
Eleven compounds were isolated and purified from Sorghum vulgare root extract, through column chromatography over silica gel, MCI gel, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were established by MS, 1 D NMR and 2 D NMR data as sorgholide A(1), β-sitosterol(2), stigmastero(3), daucosterol(4), 4-methoxycinnamic acid(5), taxiphyllin(6), chlorogenic acid(7), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(8), succini acid(9), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid(10), obtusalin(11). Compounds 4,5 and 9-11 were reported from this species for the first time, and compound 1 is the first 24 ring dimeric double lactonol glycoside formed by reverse polymerization of p-hydroxyphenylacetate glucoside, named sorgholide A.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Glycosides , Glucosides , Glycosides , Phenols , SorghumABSTRACT
To build up an identification method on cardiac glycosides in Taxillus chinensis and its Nerium indicum host, and evaluate the influence on medicine quality from host to T. chinensis, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass-mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)was applied. The samples of T. chinensis(harvested from N. indicum)and its N. indicum host were collected in field. The samples of T. chinensis(harvested from Morus alba)and its M. alba host was taken as control substance. All samples were extracted by ultrasonic extraction in 70% ethanol. Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm)column at 40 ℃. Gradient elution was applied, and the mobile phase was consisted of 0.1% formic acid water and acetonitrile. The 0.5 μL of sample solution was injected and the flow rate of the mobile phase was kept at 0.6 mL·min~(-1) in each run. It was done to identify cardiac glycosides and explore the chemical composition correlation in T. chinensis and its N. indicum host by analyzing positive and negative ion mode mass spectrometry data, elemental composition, cardiac glycoside reference substance and searching related literatures. A total of 29 cardiac glycosides were identified, 28 of it belonged to N. indicum host, 5 belonged to T. chinensis(harvested from N. indicum host), none of cardiac glycoside was identified in T. chinensis(harvested from M. alba host). The result could provide a reference in evaluating the influence in T. chinensis medicine quality from host. It was rapid, accurate, and comprehensive to identify cardiac glycosides in T. chinensis and its N. indicum host by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Glycosides , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Loranthaceae , Chemistry , Nerium , Chemistry , Phytochemicals , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
The present study was designed to develop a practical strategy to tackle the problem of lacking standard compounds and limited references for identifying structure-related compounds in Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f., especially those in trace concentrations, with a focus on antitumor activity. The cardiac glycosides (CGs)-enriched part was determined using in vitro bioactive assays in three cancer cell lines and then isolated using macroporous resins. The MS and MS/MS data were acquired using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-time of flight (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) system. To acquire data of trace compound in the extract, a multiple segment program was applied to modify the HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. A mass defect filter (MDF) approach was employed to make a primary MS data filtration. Utilizing a MATLAB program, the redundant peaks obtained by imprecise MDF template calculated with limited references were excluded by fragment ion classification, which was based on the ion occurrence number in the MDF-filtered total ion chromatograms (TIC). Additionally, the complete cleavage pathways of CG aglycones were proposed to assist the structural identification of 29 common fragment ions (CFIs, ion occurrence number ≥ 5) and diagnostic fragment ions (DFIs, ion occurrence number < 5). As a result, 30 CGs were filtered out from the MDF results, among which 23 were identified. This newly developed strategy may provide a rapid and effective tool for identifying structure-related compounds in herbal medicines.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , A549 Cells , Apocynaceae , Chemistry , Cardiac Glycosides , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Computational Biology , Data Mining , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , MCF-7 Cells , Molecular Structure , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , WorkflowABSTRACT
The present study was designed to develop a practical strategy to tackle the problem of lacking standard compounds and limited references for identifying structure-related compounds in Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f., especially those in trace concentrations, with a focus on antitumor activity. The cardiac glycosides (CGs)-enriched part was determined using in vitro bioactive assays in three cancer cell lines and then isolated using macroporous resins. The MS and MS/MS data were acquired using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-time of flight (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) system. To acquire data of trace compound in the extract, a multiple segment program was applied to modify the HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. A mass defect filter (MDF) approach was employed to make a primary MS data filtration. Utilizing a MATLAB program, the redundant peaks obtained by imprecise MDF template calculated with limited references were excluded by fragment ion classification, which was based on the ion occurrence number in the MDF-filtered total ion chromatograms (TIC). Additionally, the complete cleavage pathways of CG aglycones were proposed to assist the structural identification of 29 common fragment ions (CFIs, ion occurrence number ≥ 5) and diagnostic fragment ions (DFIs, ion occurrence number < 5). As a result, 30 CGs were filtered out from the MDF results, among which 23 were identified. This newly developed strategy may provide a rapid and effective tool for identifying structure-related compounds in herbal medicines.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , A549 Cells , Apocynaceae , Chemistry , Cardiac Glycosides , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Computational Biology , Data Mining , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , MCF-7 Cells , Molecular Structure , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , WorkflowABSTRACT
A Na+, K+ ATPase (NKA) atua na manutenção do potencial de membrana dascélulas e em mecanismos de transdução de sinal. Alterações na atividade da NKAsão importantes em muitos processos biológicos e patológicos. A NKA pode serinibida pelo álcool perílico (POH), um monoterpeno utilizado no tratamento detumores, incluindo cerebrais. Neste trabalho, determinamos que o POH tambématua sobre cascatas de sinalização, moduladas via NKA, que controlam aproliferação e/ou morte celular. Foi avaliado o efeito do POH e do PA seu principalmetabólito, sobre a atividade da NKA em duas linhagens de células de glioblastoma(GBM) humano (U87 e U251), células não tumorais de astrócitos de camundongo eda linhagem (VERO). Nossos resultados, baseados na avaliação da atividade daNKA por incorporação do Rb+ , o qual mimetiza o K+ , mostraram uma sensibilidade àinibição pelo POH semelhante entre os quatro tipos de células (IC50 U87 2 mM;U251 1,8 mM; VERO 2,4 mM e astrócitos de camundongo 1,4 mM), enquanto o PAnão apresentou efeito. Sabe-se que nos GBMs existe uma superexpressão dasubunidade α1 da NKA, situada na estrutura das cavéolas que é provavelmenteresponsável pelo papel sinalizador atribuído a essa enzima, especialmente emrelação aos mecanismos apoptóticos. Comparamos a viabilidade celular,determinando a atividade da enzima lactato desidrogenase presente nosobrenadante das células tratadas por 24 h com POH e PA. O PA não alcançouefeito citotóxico igual ou superior a 30 por cento nas células mesmo na concentraçãoelevada de 4 mM. Já o POH reduziu, de maneira dependente da concentração, aviabilidade das células (IC50 U87 1,1 mM; U251 1,4 mM; VERO 0,9 mM e astrócitosde camundongo 1,4 mM). Na análise por western blot, 1,5 mM de POH ativou aproteína c-Jun N-terminal quinase (JNK), nas células U87, U251 e nos astrócitos decamundongo (incubação de 30 min)...
The Na+, K+ ATPase (NKA) acts in keeping the cell membrane potential and in signaltransduction mechanisms. Modifications in the activity of this enzyme are important inphysiological and pathological processes. The NKA is inhibited by perillyl alcohol(POH), a monotherpene used in the treatment of tumors, including brain tumors. Inthis work, we also show that POH acts in signaling cascades associated to NKA,controlling cell proliferation and/or cellular death. We evaluated the effect of POH andof its main metabolite (perillic acid - PA) on the NKA activity in cultured glioblastomacells (GBM) U87 and U251 and on non-tumor cells (mouse astrocytes and VEROcells). NAK activity was measured by non-radioactive Rb+incorporation by cells (Rb+is a K+substitute). Our results showed a similar sensitivity for the four cells typestested (IC50 U87 2 mM; U251 - 1,8 mM; VERO - 2,4 mM and mouse astrocytes -1,4 mM). Perillic acid did not show any effect in any cell type. In GBMs, it is knownthat NKA α1 subunit is super expressed. This isoform is embedded in caveolarstructures and is probably responsible by the signaling properties of this enzyme inapoptosis mechanisms. Cell viability was measured by lactate dehydrogenase in cellsupernatants of POH treated cells. The maximum PA cytotoxic effect obtained was30 percent even at 4 mm. However, POH reduced dose dependently cell viability, (IC50 U87- 1,1 mM; U251 - 1,4 mM; VERO - 0,9 mM and mouse astrocyte - 1,4 mM).Considering the western blot analysis, 1,5 mM POH activated the c-Jun N-terminalKinase (JNK), on U87, U251 and in mouse astrocytes after 30min incubation...
Subject(s)
Animals , Adenosine Triphosphatases , Cardiac Glycosides/chemistry , Monoterpenes , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Wild and tissue culture raised regenerants of Artemisia amygdalina, a critically endangered and endemic plant of Kashmir and North West Frontier Provinces of Pakistan were screened for the amount of bioactive principles and in particular antimalarial compound artemesinin. Phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of terpenes, alkaloids, phenolics, tannins [polyphenolics], cardiac glycosides and steroids in wild [aerial, inflorescence] and tissue culture regenerants [in vitro grown plant, callus and green house acclimatized plants]. HPLC of Artemisia amygdalina revealed the presence of artemesinin in petroleum ether extracts of wild aerial part, tissue culture raised plant and green house acclimatized plants. Acetonitrile and water in 70:30 ratios at flow rate of 1ml/min was standardised as mobile phase. Retention time for standard chromatogram was 6.7. Wild inflorescences and callus does not produce artemesinin. This is the first report of phytochemical screening and artemesinin estimation of wild and tissue culture raised regenerants of Artemisia amygdalina
Subject(s)
Biological Factors/chemistry , Cardiac Glycosides/chemistry , Phenols/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Steroids/chemistry , Tannins/chemistry , Terpenes/chemistry , Tissue Culture Techniques/methods , Alkaloids/chemistry , AntimalarialsABSTRACT
Methanolic extract of Boerhavia procumbens Bank ex Roxb. was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol sequentially after dissolving in distilled water. Phytochemical screening showed presence of phenolics, flavonoides and cardiac glycosides in large amount in chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fraction. The antioxidant activity of all these fractions and the remaining aqueous fraction was evaluated by four methods such as: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] assay, total antioxidant activity and ferric thiocyanate assay. Total phenolics were also determined. Some fractions showed noteworthy antioxidant activity. The results of the antioxidant activity revealed that the ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed the highest value of percent inhibition of DPPH [82.54 +/- 0.62] at the concentration of 125 micro g/ml. The IC[50] of this fraction was 37.11 +/- 0.23 micro g/ml, compared with butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT], which have IC[50] of 12.1 +/- 0.92 micro g/mL. It also showed the highest FRAP value [251.08 +/- 1.46 micro g of trolox equivalents] as well as the highest value of lipid peroxidation inhibition [57.21 +/- 52%], the highest total antioxidant activity [0.549 +/- 0.08] and also the highest total phenolic contents [77.1 +/- 0.6] as compared to the studied fractions. Phytochemical screening showed high percentage of phenolics, flavonoides and cardiac glycosides in this fraction
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Oxidative Stress , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Extracts , Lipid Peroxidation , Cardiac Glycosides , FlavonoidsABSTRACT
To evaluate the knowledge of primary care physicians on the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. A cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2009. An English form self-administered questionnaire was used. Out of 458 questionnaires distributed to all physicians working in primary health care in Kuwait during the study period 320 questionnaires were complete. The questionnaire consists of 22 questions to gather primary care physicians. Socio-demographic characteristics, type of practice and primary care physicians' knowledge of heart failure [including etiology, symptom and sign, diagnostic procedures and treatment. The response rate of completed questionnaires was 69.9%. Male subjects constituted 65.5% of all participants. More than two-thirds of the subjects were of 30-49 years of age [72.5%] over three-quarters of primary care physicians were general practitioners and 69.4% of primary care physicians, were working in general practitioner clinic. 59.4% of primary care physicians were having a disease register than would enable them to identify heart failure patients and 63.1% were participating in audit of prescribing for heart failure. Most participants thought that early diagnosis and management of heart failure improve quality of life and mortality [99.1%] and [96.9%] respectively. Majority of primary care physicians diagnosed heart failure on symptoms and signs alone [63.4%] without formal investigation or referral. Primary care physicians described the most frequent signs or symptoms of heart failure is oedema or breathlessness. Many primary care physicians arrange a chest X-ray [96.6%] and electrocardiography [91.6%] to establish the diagnosis and some arrange an echocardiogram [30.6%]. Only 28.5% described that the best diagnostic test of heart failure is echocardiography. 83.4% of participants claimed to prescribe for most of their patients with heart failure loop diuretics followed by Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor [76.2%] and cardiac glycosides [57.5%]. The vast majority of primary care physicians believed that there was strong evidence of reduced mortality in heart failure patients when using Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. About two third of primary care physicians consider that beta blocker carry side effects in heart failure and should be cautiously use in heart failure. Although symptoms of heart failure are not sufficiently specific for diagnosing patients with heart failure, many primary care physicians in Kuwait treat people with suspected heart failure on the basic of symptoms and sings alone. Echocardigraphy is underused which may hamper the accuracy of heart failure. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers are also underused. These findings demonstrate that knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is insufficient among primary care physicians and indicate the need for educational and systematic changes, including a wider access to echocardiography
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Physicians, Primary Care , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Electrocardiography , Echocardiography , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Cardiac Glycosides , Adrenergic beta-AntagonistsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Periplocin is an active digitalis-like component from Cortex Periplocae, which has been widely used in the treatment of heart diseases in China for many years. According to the recommendations on the cardiovascular effect of periplocin from in vivo experiments, subsequent in vitro experiments are greatly needed for the global assessment of periplocin. The objective of this study is to investigate the cell proliferation effect and the mechanism of periplocin on endothelial cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The proliferative activity of periplocin (0.4, 2, 10, 50, 250 micromol/L; 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h) was investigated by a comparison with the well-reported cardiac glycoside, ouabain, on mouse cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation and viability. Subsequently, cDNA microarray experiments were performed on periplocin- (50 micromol/L) and ouabain- (50 micromol/L) treated cells, and data was analyzed by ArrayTrack software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Periplocin could increase cell viability to a level lower than ouabain in the MTT analysis, but decrease LDH release simultaneously. The BrdU incorporation assay showed an increase in cell proliferation with 2-50 micromol/L periplocin. Genes related to protein serine/threonine kinase were the most significantly enriched in the 160 genes identified in periplocin versus the control. In the 165 genes regulated by periplocin versus ouabain, GTP-binding was the most altered term.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results demonstrated the proliferation action of periplocin on CMEC. Meanwhile, its lower cytotoxicity compared to ouabain provides a new insight into the treatment of heart failure.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Animals, Newborn , Cardiac Glycosides , Pharmacology , Cardiotonic Agents , Pharmacology , Cell Proliferation , Cell Survival , Genetics , Cells, Cultured , Coronary Vessels , Metabolism , Physiology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Endothelial Cells , Metabolism , Physiology , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation , Microvessels , Metabolism , Physiology , Models, Biological , Myocardium , Metabolism , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Ouabain , Pharmacology , Saponins , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Although Nerium indicum poisoning is a globally rare occurrence, Nerium oleander poisoning is known to occur frequently in the Mediterranean regions. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of accidental Nerium indicum poisoning in Korea. Its poisoning symptoms and signs are similar to that of digitalis poisoning, because of the presence of cardiac glycosides in Nerium indicum. A 16-year-old boy was admitted to the emergency department four hours prior to the accidental ingestion of Nerium indicum petals. The patient complained of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. His initial vital signs were stable; laboratory blood test results were within normal levels, except for the blood digoxin level (1.5 ng/dL). An electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis showed normal sinus rhythm, progressive PR prolongation and second-degree Morbiz type I AV block. Conservative treatments including activated charcoal administration were conducted, because toxic symptoms and signs were not severe. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for close observation. His ECG was converted to normal rhythm after 1 day and the toxic symptoms and signs were completely resolved after 4 days.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Atrioventricular Block , Cardiac Glycosides , Charcoal , Digitalis , Digoxin , Dizziness , Eating , Electrocardiography , Emergencies , Hematologic Tests , Intensive Care Units , Korea , Mediterranean Region , Nausea , Nerium , Vital Signs , VomitingABSTRACT
Heliotropium indicum belongs to the family Boraginaceae. It is found in tropical and non-tropical countries. It bears various names such as Ogbe Akuko in the Yoruba part of Nigeria. It is used locally to treat ailments such as ulcer and fever. Aqueous extract of the dried leaves of Heliotropium indicum was prepared. 100, 200 and 400mg/kg/body weight dosages of the aqueous extract were used in the study. 80mg/kg/body weight of lndomethacin was used to induce gastric mucosa ulceration in adult Wistar rats weighing between 75 - 150kg. Phytochemical analyses were carried out to evaluate the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids in the aqueous extract used in the study. The phytochemical analyses of the extract showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, and tannins. However, phytochemical analyses showed the non-presence of cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and carbohydrates. It was observed that aqueous extract of the dried leaves of Heliotropium indicum reduced 80mg/kg/bodyweight of Indomethacin induced gastric mucosa ulceration in rats when administered orally. In the experiment 100mg/kg of the extract showed percentage ulcer reduction of 31%, 200mg/kg of the extract showed 81% ulcer reduction while 400mg/kg of the extract showed 87.5% ulcer reduction. This shows that reduction of the ulceration was dose dependent. It has been observed that Indomethacin induced ulceration is via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Although, the precise mechanism of action of Heliotropium indicum is not clear, it is possible that its gastroprotective function is due to its ability to mobilize endogenous prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa. The gastro protective potential of Hellotropium indicum might in part be due to its tannins and saponin constituents. In spite of this potential, it's worth noting that the effective dosage of gastroprotective concentration should not be exceeded
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Gastric Mucosa , Stomach Ulcer , Rats, Wistar , Flavonoids , Saponins , Cardiac Glycosides , Anthraquinones , Carbohydrates , TanninsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effectiveness and safety of various agents on paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the elderly over 75 years old.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 264 in-patients (75-91 years old, 185 males and 79 females) with atrial fibrillation history of less than 7 days were enrolled in this study. A total of 611 atrial fibrillation episodes were recorded, but 130 episodes (22.3%) of atrial fibrillation were auto-converted to sinus rhythm. The rest 481 episodes of atrial fibrillation were divided into six groups based on the drug used.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cardioversion ratio of atrial fibrillation were 9.5%, 46.9%, 71.7%, 55.9%, 32.7%, and 73.6% in control, cedilanid, amiodarone, propafenone, verapamil, and quinidine groups, respectively. Ventricular rate control were 5.4%, 83.6%, 84.9%, 77.9%, 78.8%, and 11.3% in those groups, respectively. The total effective rates of amiodarone and cedilanid groups were the highest. When the ventricular rate was controlled to below 90 bpm, the patients would almost complain of no discomfort. No severe side-effect was observed in each group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Amiodarone and cedilanid may be the proper drugs for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the elderly. The above antiarrhythmics in each therapeutic group were relatively safe and effective.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Amiodarone , Therapeutic Uses , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents , Therapeutic Uses , Atrial Fibrillation , Drug Therapy , Bradycardia , Cardiac Glycosides , Therapeutic Uses , Heart Rate , Lanatosides , Therapeutic Uses , Nausea , Propafenone , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
A detailed Literature survey and phytochemical screening of the active constituents in the bulbs, stems, leaves and flowers of Gynandriris sisyrinchium growing wild in Kuwait
Subject(s)
Liliaceae , Phytosterols , Flavones , Cardiac Glycosides , Anthraquinones , Plant StructuresABSTRACT
A detail Literature surevy and photochemical Screening of the active constituents in the bulbs, stems, leaves and flowers of Allium sindjarense growing wild in Kuwait
Subject(s)
Iridaceae , Plant Structures , Flavones , Cardiac Glycosides , LiliaceaeABSTRACT
A detailed Literature survey and phytochemical screening of the active constituents in the bulbs, stems, leaves and flowers of Dipcadi erythraeum
Subject(s)
Liliaceae/chemistry , Plant Structures , Cardiac Glycosides , PhytotherapyABSTRACT
A detailed Literature survey and phytochemical investigation of the active constituents in the bulbs, stems, Leaves and flowers of Gagea reticulata growing wildly in Kuwait
Subject(s)
Liliaceae , Plant Structures/chemistry , Cardiac Glycosides , Phytosterols , PhytotherapyABSTRACT
Active compound oleandrin extracted from Nerium indicum (Lal Kaner) leaf has potent piscicidal activity. The piscicidal activity of oleandrin on freshwater fish C. punctatus was both time and dose dependent. Exposure to sub-lethal doses of oleandrin for 24hr and 96hr to fish caused significant alteration in the level of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acid, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and enzyme protease, phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in liver and muscle tissues. The alterations in all the above biochemical parameters were also significantly time and dose dependent. The results show a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in both liver and muscle tissues of fish after the 7th day of the withdrawal of treatment. Toxicity persistence test of oleandrin on juvenile Labeo rohita shows that fish seed of common culturing carp can be released into rearing ponds after three days of oleandrin treatment. It supports the view that the oleandrin is safer and may be useful substitute of other piscicides for removing the unwanted freshwater fishes from aquaculture ponds.